INTRODUCTION

Wellhead is one of the important parts in the operation of oil and gas wells. It is necessary to control the pressure during drilling and production. It is located on the surface of the well between the casing and the drilling floor, allowing safe and controlled access to a live well.

Wellhead is usually consisted of casing head is the first section installed which is connected onto the surface casing. It bears subsequent sections with BOP load during drilling and Christmas Tree after the well is completed. Casing Head contains casing hanger for subsequent casing string with double mechanical seal for annulus protection

Key Functions of Wellhead:

1. Pressure Control

    During drilling, Wellhead plays a vital role in regulating pressure within wellbore, safeguarding

    against potential blowouts, and ensuring a controlled environment for drilling operations

2. Structural Support

    Serving as a study foundation, Wellhead provides essential support for the casing string,

    ensuring its stability and integrity throughout the drilling and production phases.

3. Integration with Equipment

    Wellhead facilities the integration of critical equipment such as the Blow Out Preventer (BOP)

    during drilling and the subsequent installation of the Christmas tree during production.

Casing spool is essentially a spool that acts as conduit to connect between one section to another. Casing spool usually hold casing hanger for subsequent casing string with double mechanical seal for annulus protection.

Tubing head is the last section of wellhead that directly involved in drilling operation. Tubing head contains tubing hanger, which is the pipe that acts as conduit to flow fluids from reservoir to surface facilities. Tubing head usually have some specific features that dictate completion strategy.

Christmas Tree is mainly used to control the flow of oil or gas into and out of a well during production. The Christmas Tree is attached to the wellhead after finalizing the drilling process. The Christmas Tree is a series of valves, spools, gauges, and chokes. A total of five valves are usually included in a Christmas tree, and each one is designed for a specific function.

Kill Wing Valve

This valve injects fluids like drilling mud or completion fluids into the well to control pressure. It is often used during well interventions and well repair activities to "kill" the well, meaning to control the pressure and halt the flow of fluids.

Swab Valve

The swab valve is located at the top of the Christmas tree and provides access to the well for a wireline or coiled tubing operation. This allows for well interventions or well repair without needing to kill the well. It plays a crucial role in maintenance and troubleshooting operations.

Production Wing Valve

This valve controls the flow of oil and gas from the well to the production facilities. It can be opened or closed to start or stop production, and it's also used to regulate the flow rate to optimize production or manage potential issues like sand production.

Upper Master Valve

This valve is one of the primary isolation valves, which can completely shut off the well's flow. It's typically used in emergency situations to quickly and effectively halt the flow of oil and gas, providing a critical layer of safety and environmental protection.

Lower Master Valve

This valve is another primary isolation valve with functionality similar to the upper master valve. It provides redundancy, ensuring a backup is available to shut off the well if the upper master valve fails for some reason. Having both an upper and lower master valve gives operators more flexibility and enhances safety measures.

Key Functions of Christmas Tree:

1. Flow Regulation

    Mainly to regulate the flow of fluids from the well to the surface production facilities, allowing

    for precise control over production rates and optimization of output.

2. Safety Measures

    With the inclusion of various valve such as the Kill Wing Valve and Upper Master Valve or Lower

    Master Valve, the Christmas Tree provides essential safety measures, enabling swift

    intervention in emergency scenarios and ensuring operational integrity.

3. Operational Flexibility

    Through its versatile design and functionality, the Christmas tree enables operators to perform

    a myriad of operations, including well interventions, fluid injections, and pressure monitoring,

    thereby enhancing operational flexibility and efficiency.

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